NEWS ABOUT OUR COMPANY AND COPPER
SECTOR
RATE
OF EXCHANGE & COPPER PRICES
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NEWS
ABOUT COPPER SECTOR
Will be updated frequently.
ABOUT
COPPER
History
Definition
Usage
Production
Properties
Derivation
History
of Copper
In prehistory the first humans begin using Stones and one day they realized
copper, silver and gold with elemental and natural form. Human had seen how
those metarials are shaped instead of brittle Stone. For the first time, it
is supposed that the wrought copper had been used during the years of 4.000
B.C. and however after 2.000 years the copper had been produced from base
metarial. It is also known that it had been used as brass composition as a
result of
melting of copper gem by Romans.
This metarial which’s birth goes to 7.000 B.C. has also an old history in
Turkey. Another fact that appears in the archaelogical excavations is the
fact that the Anatolian territory beared and raised the copper…
In Catalhoyuk, which is the cultural center of transitional period of
manufacturing, iti is appeared in the arcaelogical excavtions that copper
was gained by refining gem. In the excavations of Cayonu, Catalhoyuk and
Suber; small equipments like needle and hook and soma ornament goods were
found belonging to 7.000 B.C. that were made by wrought technical from
natural copper. The three (3) copper needle found in the excavations in
Southeast Anatolia belonging to 9.000 years ago, written as the oldest
metalware in the world uptill now by the scientists.
The production of metal in Anatolia bases on an old history. It is
registered that copper had been produced in the years of 7.000 B.C. and
Anatolia is the basing point of copper to the old world as an existing spoil
bank. The Ergani
Copper cradle stil running, was also operated in the years
of 2.000 B.C by Assyrians and Küre Cooper mine was operated by Greeks and
Romans.
Before the Ottoman period, the copper employee reached its peak as a result
of intensive running in Anatolia and after Balkans, and new plants opened.
The technics of housewares from copper, wrought, casting, plastering (drawing
on turn) and pressing had been applied in Anatolia. The raw copper was
melted in smelters, poured to circular or rectangular wooden blocks in 50-60
cm diameter and ingotted. Later on, it was forged by men on an iron anvil in
periods to thin the metal. This operation was usually done with a group of 8
men called ‘forger’ or ‘gang’. This method preserved itself till the
beginning of 20 th century in Anatolia and Balkans.
The big automatic hammers called ‘Beettle’,
removed the hardness of forging
made by manpower. Later on, it was begun to germinate the copper ingots in
diserable thinnes in the machines called ‘roller-mill’. Today, ony the
peanut pans that weight 100-120 kg and 1 meter height are done by this way
in Kavaklıdere,Yatagan-Mugla.
Copper is found as a natural metal in passim. It is found both in Stone and
earth and in ocean mud, river sand, in the ash of sea plants, most of the
sea corals, human liver and mollusc like snails.
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Definition
of Copper
Density is 8.94, red – dark element. Symbol:Cu
A copper foundry in Chuquicamata (Chile). Copper metallurgy evolved at the
end of XIX. Century. Metal is converted to liquid by melting and spilled to
the blocks by purifying.
Copper is a material that melts about 1100 degrees. It is produced by
burning various of mineral heads in complicated methods. Copper is an
valuable metal because the main heads are not common (primal courses are
Chile, Canada and USA). Copper is manipulated and shaped easily by forging.
Electrical
wires and cables are produced because it is a good electric conductor. At
the same time it is a good heat conductor and is used at housewares for long
times. (plates, kettles, boilers, etc.)
There are 2.6 milliar tones of copper sourses in the world and only 317
million tones of them are processed. The reason is that ; this metal has the
most recoverable feature in all the other metals.
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Usage
of Copper
Electrical energy is the most important data of all economical
actions, basic rawmetarial. Because of copper is the best conductor metal
for heat and electrical, it looms large in electric, telephone, telegrapf,
cable and wires electrical motors, dynamo, motor roller, switches and many
kinds of industrial vehicles, in the system of ship building.
It also takes an advantage in production of hard cash with the other metals
with composition. Furthermore, because of its endurance to the atmpspheric
erosion, it is used in canalization, buldings, plaques on the roofs and
external decoration of some buildings. Here, the importance of copper
follows at the same parallel.
It is definite that the best economical conductor refinery copper metal is
indispensable strategic metal in the production of electric (generator,
transformer etc), transformation (energy transformation lines) and usage of
them (electrical motors, electrical machines etc).
The
equipments of modern life such as lighting equipments in our homes, TV and
radios, washing machines and dishwashers, refrigerator and food processor
all take in human’s employ through copper. As a long life roof covering
copper plaque and as a furniture material usage of brass is concided. . Also
copper is used in the important manufacturing electrical machines like turn,
milling cutter, drill, welding machine and transformer. Copper serves to
consumption of electric and internal conduction in such machines. Copper has
an important contribution in ships, trains, automabiles etc. In those
vehicles copper serves the production of electric, conduction and
consumption.
It can be remarked as % 80 of copper is used in electric/electronic sector,
and % 20 is used in machine sector as a whole of alloy of brass, bronze etc.;
also as pipe and hollow profile in heat exchanger and furniture ındustry, as
a plaque in building and machine industry.
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Production
of Copper
Copper is produced as pure by using pyro, hydroa and electro
metallurgic methods from its ores.
Pyrometallurgic methods are applied to sulfide and oxide copper ores and
hydrometallugic methods are applied to low tenor oxide copper ores.
Electrometallurgy methods are applied to both of the methods as the last
stage of above. In this way, the impure copper achieved by the
pyrometallurgic methods, is turned to impure cathode copper by electrolitic
refinig. Similarly, the copper that is soluted hydrous, is collected as
impure in cathode by aqcuisition of electro. % 80 of world copper production
is produced from sulfide ore.
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Properties
of Copper
Specific Chracteristics
Periodic Norm Group : 1B
Particle Number : 29
Symbol : Cu
Mass Number : 63.54
Boiling Point (°C) : 2595
Melting Point (°C) : 1083
Density (gr/cm3): 8.96
Heat of Vaporization : 72,8
Heat of Fusion : 3.11
Electrical Conductivity : .593
Thermal Conductivity : .94
Capacity of Specific Heat : 0.092
Hardness ( Mohs Scale ) : 3,0
Physical Characteristics
Elastic and smooth, Excellent electrical conductive, Acceptable for
alloy, Not magnetic, Stabilized for corrosion, Can be manipulated, Can be
formed, Very good heat conductor, Everlasting, Recycling.
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Derivation
of Copper
The
copper ores has usually % 1-2 copper, so first of all the ores are enrich.
Minerals are first cracked, than granulated. The granulated minerals enrich
by flotation. By this method % 90 of the existing copper minerals are
seperated from unknown parts and this part has % 32 copper in it. The
flotation method doesn’t apply to oxide copper minerals. These are sent to
washinf process directly. Only 1 kg of rich copper
matter
is obtained from 100 kg of copper matter put for flotation and this shows
that cracking, grinding and flotation must be done in mines. The sulfride
metals enriched by flotation are subjected to burning process. This means
that the sulfride metals are subjected to air current. There mustn’t be
melting in the meantime. Some of the sulphur in the metal is dissolved by
converting to SO2 (sulphur dioxide) in burnin process. Iron and copper oxide
is left. The enriched metals coming from gas retort are subjected to melting
at the forge. Heating is done by gas or pulvarized coal here. Two layers
occurs at the end of melting, one is slug and other is mat (at the bottom).
There are iron and copper sulphurs at mat. Furthermore it is not wanted to
be plenty of free copper in mat. The rate of copper is % 40-45 usually.
The obtained mat is loaded to hot converter with ¼ of silica minerals. Big
amount of slag consists. After this slag is taken, mat and silica is blowed
again. By reproducing these processes 200-300 tones of mat and 60-120 tones
of copper is obtained. This blister can be % 98-99,5 purity. % 1,5-2,5 of
copper can be found in slag. By blowing air to the converter, the iron
sulphur found in mat becomes FeO and this means it is SiO2 and FSiO3 and
passes to slag. After the reaction of iron sulphur (FeS) and passing it to
the slag, the reaction of copper sulphur (Ce2S) begins:
2Cu2S + 3 02 ® 2 Cu20 + 2SO2
Cu2S + CU20 ® 6 Cu + S02
The copper obtained by this way, approximately includes % 0,02–0,03 arsenic,
% 0,015- 0,178 antimon, % 0,001–0,15 lead, % 0,005–0,05 nickel, % 0,002–0,12
zinc, % 0,03–0,25 iron,
% 0,06–0,2 sulphur. Furthermore 70-3136 gr silver and 0,56-8,68 gr gold
exists per ton. The blister copper is subjected to fire rafination or
electrolit refination and % 99,99 copper is obtained in purity. If the
copper metals are in carbonate form, CuO is obtained by burning process.
Burning production is subjected to reaction:
3 CuO+Fe2(SO4)3+3H2O® 3CuSO4+2 Fe(OH)3
Copper sufide (CuSO4) is dissoluted in water and becomes solution. Copper
sulphate is reacted with metalic iron:
Fe+CuSO4®Cu+FeSO4
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History
Definition
Usage
Production
Properties
Derivation
